Circulating microRNA Biomarkers of Diabetic Retinopathy.

The incidence of diabetes is increasing globally, and in spite of modern treatments for glucose, blood pressure, and lipids, the vascular and neurologic complications of diabetes still occur at unacceptably high rates. The personal and economic burdens are enormous. Diabetes is a common cause for vision loss (diabetic retinopathy [DR]), renal impairment (nephropathy), peripheral and autonomic neuropathy and accelerated atherosclerosis leading to cardiovascular disease, cerebrovascular and peripheral vascular disease, and premature death (1). People with diabetes and with early renal damage are at particularly high risk of DR, renal failure, premature cardiovascular disease, and death. Moreover, people with DR are at increased risk of other microand macrovascular complications of diabetes (2). This may relate to common risk factors and mechanisms, such as damage to the vasculature, a chronic and clinically silent process. Vascular endothelial cells are the interface between blood and surrounding tissues, with key roles in regulation of inflammation, thrombosis, and angiogenesis and therefore a popular choice as a model for assessing endothelial damage and metabolic stress (3,4). Vision loss due to DR is often preventable. However, for many people with diabetes it is often difficult to predict the clinical course of disease. Furthermore, not all people take or respond well to proven primary and secondary treatments for DR, including risk factor control, reninangiotensin system drugs, fenofibrate, and late-stage treatments, such as ocular laser, corticosteroids, and anti–vascular endothelial growth factor agents. This highlights the importance of improving our understanding of the pathogenesis of DR and developing newer treatments and the necessity for clinical laboratory–based screening and monitoring tests (or panels thereof) that are highly sensitive and specific, widely available, and cost-effective for this potentially blinding condition. The field of oncology uses molecular markers in (clinical and basic) research and in clinical practice, but the use of such tools in diabetes is lacking. In this issue of Diabetes, the article by Zampetaki et al. (3) is an important advance in the field of microRNA (miRNA) biomarkers that has implications in the areas of disease (retinopathy) pathogenesis, prognostication, monitoring, and therapeutics. miRNAs are a group of small (;22 nucleotide) ubiquitously expressed RNA molecules that do not code for any protein but act posttranscriptionally to modulate expression of target genes via inhibition of protein expression by interfering with the translation and/or stability of mRNA. Cells release miRNAs into the circulation, where they have a long life span (approximately$2 weeks). Their stability in plasma/serum/urine on freeze-thawing, efficient recovery, and availability of quantitative detection methods enhances their use as a biomarker as well as a potential mediator of physiological and pathological processes. There is a paucity of miRNA clinical studies in DR, hence the importance of the study by Zampetaki et al. (3). Zampetaki et al. (3) assessed 300 samples from two DR-related randomized, double-blind, parallel-design, and placebo-controlled clinical trials (PROTECT-1 and PREVENT-1). The authors assessed 155 baseline or DR progressors and 145 control samples (selected from 3,326 study participants) for a panel of 29 candidate miRNAs that were based on previous studies related to diabetes and myocardial infarction. They identified miR27b and miR-320a as being significantly and independently associated with high DR risk. Complementing this analysis, they also elucidated the potential mechanism using cultured human endothelial cells and identified antiangiogenic thrombospondin-1 as a common target of these two miRNAs. This study uses human clinical samples from existent DR trials, which is time-saving and cost-effective, and assays mature miRNAs on a robust gold-standard real-time PCR platform (5). The authors acknowledge the study strengths and most of its limitations. A weakness is the use of a